The relationship between body image and steroid use in bodybuilding athletes
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Having a strong body is something that most people want, especially men. Efforts to increase muscle are done by exercising at the fitness center or at home, drinking high protein milk and consuming anabolic steroids. Most anabolic steroid users, including bodybuilding athletes, want to have a bigger and more muscular body. This study aims to determine the relationship between body image of bodybuilding athletes and the use of anabolic steroids. This research uses quantitative methods with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The sample in this study consisted of 70 bodybuilding athletes who consumed anabolic steroids. Self-image measurement uses a self-image questionnaire that is adapted and modified and tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used is the Chi-Square Test. The results of the study showed a p value = 0.017 (p˂0.05), which means there is a significant relationship between the body image of bodybuilding athletes and the use of anabolic steroids.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
How to Cite
Hayati, N. and Haikal, M. R. (2024) “The relationship between body image and steroid use in bodybuilding athletes”, Science Midwifery, 12(2), pp. 662-669. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v12i2.1518.
References
Annisa, R., Yanti, M., & Azrin, E. M. (2016). Body Image Of Heavy Lifters, Weightlifters and Bodybuilder Of Indonesian National Sports Comittee (KONI) Riau Province On Year 2015. In JOM FK (Vol. 3, Issue 1).
Adityawan, Oki, and Dian Hendriana. 2019. “Infografis Mengenai Efek Samping Steroid Anabolik Terhadap Atlet Binaraga Kota Bandung.” Jurnal Komunikasi, 8.
Al-Falasi, Omar, Khalid Al-Dahmani, Khalid Al-Eisaei, Salem Al-Ameri, Fatma Al-Maskari, Nicholas Nagelkerke, and John Schneider. 2009. “Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Anabolic Steroids Use Among Gym Users in Al-Ain District, United Arab Emirates.” The Open Sports Medicine Journal 2 (1): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874387000802010075.
Anawalt, Bradley D. 2019. “Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 11..
Andiana, O. 2012. MEDIKORA : Hormon Anabolik Pada Olahragawan. Vol. IX. pp.1.
Andiyati, A. D. W. (2016). Hubungan antara body image dengan kepercayaan diri siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri 2 Bantul. Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 5(4).
Ålgars, Monica, Pekka Santtila, Markus Varjonen, Katarina Witting, Ada Johansson, Patrick Jern, and N. Kenneth Sandnabba. 2009. “The Adult Body: How Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index Are Related to Body Image.” Journal of Aging and Health 21 (8): 1112–32.
Amsterdam, Jan van, Antoon Opperhuizen, and Fred Hartgens. 2010. “Adverse Health Effects of Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 57 (1): 117–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001.
Andiana, Olivia. 2012. “Hormon Anabolik Pada Olahrawan.” Medikora, no. 1.
Budiawan, M. 2013. Doping Dalam Olahraga. , pp.330–335
Campbell-Phillips, S., Phillips, S. C., & Halder, D. P. (2019). Negative Body Image and Low Self-Esteem: A Study of athletes for Solutions through Inspirational Intrinsic Positive Self-Esteem. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 8, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16641.61281
Chudik, S.C. 2003. Anabolic Steroid. (Online), (http://www.hoasc.com/pdf/ R03- literature.pdf, diakses pada tanggal 1 November 2016)
Cicero, T.J. and Lynn H.O., 1990. Anabolic Steroids in Sport, (Online), (http://www.steroidsport.com/home, diakses tanggal 2 November 2016).
Gök, Rahime, Ayşe Dilara Yalçın, and Ümit Tural. 2016. “Anabolik Steroidlerin Kötüye Kullanımı” 17 (4): 9.
Guyton, Arthur C., and Jhon E. Hall. 2019. “Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran.” In . EGC.
Hilkens, L., Cruyff, M., Woertman, L., Benjamins, J., & Evers, C. (2021). Social Media, Body Image and Resistance Training: Creating the Perfect ‘Me’ with Dietary Supplements, Anabolik Steroids and SARM’s. Sports Medicine - Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00371-1
Hakim lukman dkk, 2012. Pedoman Karya Tulis Ilmiah, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta
Hill, Stephanie A., and W. Stephen Waring. 2019. “Pharmacological Effects and Safety Monitoring of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use: Differing Perceptions between Users and Healthcare Professionals.” Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 10 (January): 204209861985529. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098619855291.
Hm, Musrin. n.d. “Pendekatan Psikologi Individual Dengan Teknik Acting As If Dalam Meningkatkan Rasa Percaya Diri Pada Remaja Yang Mengalami Obesitas,” 7.
Hoffman, J.R. and Ratamess, N.A., 2006. Medical Issues Associated With Anabolic Steroid Use : Are They Exaggerated ? (Review Article). Journal of Sports Science and Medicin). Vol. 5. pp.182–193.
Hakansson, Anders, Kajsa Mickelsson, Camilla Wallin, and Mats Berglund. 2012. “Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in the General Population: User Characteristics and Associations with Substance Use.” European Addiction Research 18 (2): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333037.
Hale, Bruce D., Danielle Diehl, Krista Weaver, and Michael Briggs. 2013. “Exercise Dependence and Muscle Dysmorphia in Novice and Experienced Female Bodybuilders.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2 (4): 244–48.
Hamdani, Daiman. 2019. “Hubungan Citra Tubuh Dan Pengetahuan Gizi Seimbang Dengan Gizi Status Remaja Di SLTP Negeri 2 Wungu Madiun,” 108.
Johnson, Mimi D, M Susan Jay, Brad Shoup, and I Rickert. n.d. “Anabolic Steroid Use by Male Adolescents,” 6.
Katzung, Bertram G. 2014. Farmakologi Dasar Dan Klinik, Edisi 12. Jakarta : EGC.
Katzung, Bertram G., Susan B. Masters, and Anthony J. Trevor. 2004. “Basic & Clinical Pharmacology.”. Jakarta. ECG.
Lenehan, Pat dan Tony Miller. 2004. Anabolic Steroids : A Guide For Users and Professional. Lifetime Publications.
Leutholtz, A. 2001. Nutritional health. Totowa, NJ. Human Press Inc: 207-39.
Littleton, Heather. 2008. “Body Image Dissatisfaction: Normative Discontent?” Springer Nature BV.
Mampanini, Rizky Annisa, Yanti Ernalia, and Miftah Azrin. 2016. “Body Image Atlet Angkat Berat, Angkat Besi, Dan Binaraga Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia (Koni) Provinsi Riau Tahun 2015.” Journal:eArticle, Riau University. https://www.neliti.com/publications/188115/.
Managkabo, Perdinan, Barnabas Harold Ralph Kairupan, and Aaltje Ellen Manampiring. 2021. “Citra Tubuh, Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik Mahasiswa Pada Masa Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019.” Sam Ratulangi Journal of Public Health 2 (1): 007–013.
Marfu’ah, N., Kasa, I.W. and Yowani, S.C., 2014. Pengaruh Steroid Anabolik Methandienone Terhadap Kuantitas Spermatozoa Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus ). , 18(1), pp.24–27.
Muhsin, A. (2014). Studi Kasus kepuasan Remaja Putri Rerhadap Keadaan Tubuhnya
(Body Image Negatif Pada Remaja Putri). Skripsi. UNY
Magnolini, R., Falcato, L., Cremonesi, A., Schori, D., & Bruggmann, P. (2022). Fake anabolik androgenic steroids on the black market – a systematic review and meta-analysis on qualitative and quantitative analytical results found within the literature. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13734-4
Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Kean, J., & Blashill, A. J. (2016). Anabolik steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 165, 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.008
Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo. 2011. “Kesehatan Masyarakat Ilmu Dan Seni.”Jakarta. PT Rineka Cipta.
Nurfajri, Annisa Prajna, and Qurotul Uyun. 2017. “Hubungan Antara Kebersyukuran Dan Body Image Pada Remaja Putri.”
Parr, Maria Kristina, and Anna Müller-Schöll. n.d. “Pharmacology of Doping Agents—Mechanisms Promoting Muscle Hypertrophy.” AIMS Molecular Science 5 (2): 29.
Pakpahan, Martina, Deborah Siregar, Andi Susilawaty, Tasnim Tasnim, Mustar, Radeny Ramdany, Evanny Indah Manurung, et al. 2021. Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Yayasan Kita Menulis.
Patanè, Federico Giuseppe, Aldo Liberto, Andreana Nicoletta Maria Maglitto, Pasquale Malandrino, Massimiliano Esposito, Francesco Amico, Giuseppe Cocimano, Giuseppe Li Rosi, Dario Condorelli, and Nunzio Di Nunno. 2020. “Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects.” Medicina 56 (11): 606.
Putra, Adnyana. 2017. “Body Image Dan Hubungannya Dengan Aktivitas Berolahraga.” Jurnal Penjakora 2 (2): 88–97.
Ramanda, Riskha, Zarina Akbar, and RA Murti Kusuma Wirasti. 2019. “Studi Kepustakaan Mengenai Landasan Teori Body Image Bagi Perkembangan Remaja.” Jurnal Edukasi: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 5 (2): 121–35.
Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Amin. 2017. “Study the Prevalence of Anabolic Steroids Consumption among Bodybuilding Athletes in Yasuj, Iran.” International Journal of Nutrition Sciences 2 (2): 103–8.
Samosir, Devi Triana Putri, and Dian Ratna Sawitri. 2015. “Hubungan Antara Citra Tubuh Dengan Pengungkapan Diri Pada Remaja Awal Kelas VII.” Jurnal Empati 4 (2): 14–19.
Silva, Diego A. S., Rafael C. da Silva, and Eliane C. A. Gonçalves. 2015. “Body Image among Men Who Practice Body Building: Comparison by Age, Economic Status, and City Size.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 121 (2): 537–47. https://doi.org/10.2466/27.PMS.121c20x0
Sari, P.K., Poppy M.L., dan Lily L.L. 2015. Efek Pemberian Anabolik androgenic steroid Injeksi Dosis Rendah Dan Tinggi Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Hati Dan Otot Rangka Tikus Wistar (Rattus Novergicus). Vol. 3.
Sherwood, L. 2002. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran, EGC. Jakarta.
Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Vani, M., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2019). Body image, physical activity, and sport: A scoping review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.010
Tahtamouni, L. H., N. H. Mustafa, A. A. Alfaouri, I. M Hassan, M. Y. Abdalla, and S. R. Yasin. 2008. “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse among Jordanian Collegiate Students and Athletes.” The European Journal of Public Health 18 (6): 661–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn062
Vassallo, Mario J., and Tracy W. Olrich. 2010. “Confidence by Injection: Male Users of Anabolic Steroids Speak of Increases in Perceived Confidence through Anabolic Steroid Use.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8 (1): 70–80.
Wright, Sam, Sarah Grogan, and Geoff Hunter. 2000. “Motivations for Anabolic Steroid Use among Bodybuilders.” Journal of Health Psychology 5 (4): 566–71.
Yuliandari, Citra Selvia, and H. M. Musrin. 2017. “Pendekatan Psikologi Individual Dengan Teknik Acting As If Dalam Meningkatkan Rasa Percaya Diri Remaja Yang Mengalami Obesitas: Case Study Design.” Ghaidan: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam Dan Kemasyarakatan 1 (2): 21–27.
Zein. 2007. Ultimate Nutrition Glosarry, (Online), (http://www.sportindo.com/Glosarry, diakses tanggal 1 November 2016).
Adityawan, Oki, and Dian Hendriana. 2019. “Infografis Mengenai Efek Samping Steroid Anabolik Terhadap Atlet Binaraga Kota Bandung.” Jurnal Komunikasi, 8.
Al-Falasi, Omar, Khalid Al-Dahmani, Khalid Al-Eisaei, Salem Al-Ameri, Fatma Al-Maskari, Nicholas Nagelkerke, and John Schneider. 2009. “Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Anabolic Steroids Use Among Gym Users in Al-Ain District, United Arab Emirates.” The Open Sports Medicine Journal 2 (1): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874387000802010075.
Anawalt, Bradley D. 2019. “Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 11..
Andiana, O. 2012. MEDIKORA : Hormon Anabolik Pada Olahragawan. Vol. IX. pp.1.
Andiyati, A. D. W. (2016). Hubungan antara body image dengan kepercayaan diri siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri 2 Bantul. Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 5(4).
Ålgars, Monica, Pekka Santtila, Markus Varjonen, Katarina Witting, Ada Johansson, Patrick Jern, and N. Kenneth Sandnabba. 2009. “The Adult Body: How Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index Are Related to Body Image.” Journal of Aging and Health 21 (8): 1112–32.
Amsterdam, Jan van, Antoon Opperhuizen, and Fred Hartgens. 2010. “Adverse Health Effects of Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 57 (1): 117–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001.
Andiana, Olivia. 2012. “Hormon Anabolik Pada Olahrawan.” Medikora, no. 1.
Budiawan, M. 2013. Doping Dalam Olahraga. , pp.330–335
Campbell-Phillips, S., Phillips, S. C., & Halder, D. P. (2019). Negative Body Image and Low Self-Esteem: A Study of athletes for Solutions through Inspirational Intrinsic Positive Self-Esteem. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 8, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16641.61281
Chudik, S.C. 2003. Anabolic Steroid. (Online), (http://www.hoasc.com/pdf/ R03- literature.pdf, diakses pada tanggal 1 November 2016)
Cicero, T.J. and Lynn H.O., 1990. Anabolic Steroids in Sport, (Online), (http://www.steroidsport.com/home, diakses tanggal 2 November 2016).
Gök, Rahime, Ayşe Dilara Yalçın, and Ümit Tural. 2016. “Anabolik Steroidlerin Kötüye Kullanımı” 17 (4): 9.
Guyton, Arthur C., and Jhon E. Hall. 2019. “Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran.” In . EGC.
Hilkens, L., Cruyff, M., Woertman, L., Benjamins, J., & Evers, C. (2021). Social Media, Body Image and Resistance Training: Creating the Perfect ‘Me’ with Dietary Supplements, Anabolik Steroids and SARM’s. Sports Medicine - Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00371-1
Hakim lukman dkk, 2012. Pedoman Karya Tulis Ilmiah, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta
Hill, Stephanie A., and W. Stephen Waring. 2019. “Pharmacological Effects and Safety Monitoring of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use: Differing Perceptions between Users and Healthcare Professionals.” Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 10 (January): 204209861985529. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098619855291.
Hm, Musrin. n.d. “Pendekatan Psikologi Individual Dengan Teknik Acting As If Dalam Meningkatkan Rasa Percaya Diri Pada Remaja Yang Mengalami Obesitas,” 7.
Hoffman, J.R. and Ratamess, N.A., 2006. Medical Issues Associated With Anabolic Steroid Use : Are They Exaggerated ? (Review Article). Journal of Sports Science and Medicin). Vol. 5. pp.182–193.
Hakansson, Anders, Kajsa Mickelsson, Camilla Wallin, and Mats Berglund. 2012. “Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in the General Population: User Characteristics and Associations with Substance Use.” European Addiction Research 18 (2): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333037.
Hale, Bruce D., Danielle Diehl, Krista Weaver, and Michael Briggs. 2013. “Exercise Dependence and Muscle Dysmorphia in Novice and Experienced Female Bodybuilders.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2 (4): 244–48.
Hamdani, Daiman. 2019. “Hubungan Citra Tubuh Dan Pengetahuan Gizi Seimbang Dengan Gizi Status Remaja Di SLTP Negeri 2 Wungu Madiun,” 108.
Johnson, Mimi D, M Susan Jay, Brad Shoup, and I Rickert. n.d. “Anabolic Steroid Use by Male Adolescents,” 6.
Katzung, Bertram G. 2014. Farmakologi Dasar Dan Klinik, Edisi 12. Jakarta : EGC.
Katzung, Bertram G., Susan B. Masters, and Anthony J. Trevor. 2004. “Basic & Clinical Pharmacology.”. Jakarta. ECG.
Lenehan, Pat dan Tony Miller. 2004. Anabolic Steroids : A Guide For Users and Professional. Lifetime Publications.
Leutholtz, A. 2001. Nutritional health. Totowa, NJ. Human Press Inc: 207-39.
Littleton, Heather. 2008. “Body Image Dissatisfaction: Normative Discontent?” Springer Nature BV.
Mampanini, Rizky Annisa, Yanti Ernalia, and Miftah Azrin. 2016. “Body Image Atlet Angkat Berat, Angkat Besi, Dan Binaraga Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia (Koni) Provinsi Riau Tahun 2015.” Journal:eArticle, Riau University. https://www.neliti.com/publications/188115/.
Managkabo, Perdinan, Barnabas Harold Ralph Kairupan, and Aaltje Ellen Manampiring. 2021. “Citra Tubuh, Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik Mahasiswa Pada Masa Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019.” Sam Ratulangi Journal of Public Health 2 (1): 007–013.
Marfu’ah, N., Kasa, I.W. and Yowani, S.C., 2014. Pengaruh Steroid Anabolik Methandienone Terhadap Kuantitas Spermatozoa Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus ). , 18(1), pp.24–27.
Muhsin, A. (2014). Studi Kasus kepuasan Remaja Putri Rerhadap Keadaan Tubuhnya
(Body Image Negatif Pada Remaja Putri). Skripsi. UNY
Magnolini, R., Falcato, L., Cremonesi, A., Schori, D., & Bruggmann, P. (2022). Fake anabolik androgenic steroids on the black market – a systematic review and meta-analysis on qualitative and quantitative analytical results found within the literature. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13734-4
Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Kean, J., & Blashill, A. J. (2016). Anabolik steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 165, 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.008
Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo. 2011. “Kesehatan Masyarakat Ilmu Dan Seni.”Jakarta. PT Rineka Cipta.
Nurfajri, Annisa Prajna, and Qurotul Uyun. 2017. “Hubungan Antara Kebersyukuran Dan Body Image Pada Remaja Putri.”
Parr, Maria Kristina, and Anna Müller-Schöll. n.d. “Pharmacology of Doping Agents—Mechanisms Promoting Muscle Hypertrophy.” AIMS Molecular Science 5 (2): 29.
Pakpahan, Martina, Deborah Siregar, Andi Susilawaty, Tasnim Tasnim, Mustar, Radeny Ramdany, Evanny Indah Manurung, et al. 2021. Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Yayasan Kita Menulis.
Patanè, Federico Giuseppe, Aldo Liberto, Andreana Nicoletta Maria Maglitto, Pasquale Malandrino, Massimiliano Esposito, Francesco Amico, Giuseppe Cocimano, Giuseppe Li Rosi, Dario Condorelli, and Nunzio Di Nunno. 2020. “Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects.” Medicina 56 (11): 606.
Putra, Adnyana. 2017. “Body Image Dan Hubungannya Dengan Aktivitas Berolahraga.” Jurnal Penjakora 2 (2): 88–97.
Ramanda, Riskha, Zarina Akbar, and RA Murti Kusuma Wirasti. 2019. “Studi Kepustakaan Mengenai Landasan Teori Body Image Bagi Perkembangan Remaja.” Jurnal Edukasi: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling 5 (2): 121–35.
Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Amin. 2017. “Study the Prevalence of Anabolic Steroids Consumption among Bodybuilding Athletes in Yasuj, Iran.” International Journal of Nutrition Sciences 2 (2): 103–8.
Samosir, Devi Triana Putri, and Dian Ratna Sawitri. 2015. “Hubungan Antara Citra Tubuh Dengan Pengungkapan Diri Pada Remaja Awal Kelas VII.” Jurnal Empati 4 (2): 14–19.
Silva, Diego A. S., Rafael C. da Silva, and Eliane C. A. Gonçalves. 2015. “Body Image among Men Who Practice Body Building: Comparison by Age, Economic Status, and City Size.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 121 (2): 537–47. https://doi.org/10.2466/27.PMS.121c20x0
Sari, P.K., Poppy M.L., dan Lily L.L. 2015. Efek Pemberian Anabolik androgenic steroid Injeksi Dosis Rendah Dan Tinggi Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Hati Dan Otot Rangka Tikus Wistar (Rattus Novergicus). Vol. 3.
Sherwood, L. 2002. Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran, EGC. Jakarta.
Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Vani, M., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2019). Body image, physical activity, and sport: A scoping review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.010
Tahtamouni, L. H., N. H. Mustafa, A. A. Alfaouri, I. M Hassan, M. Y. Abdalla, and S. R. Yasin. 2008. “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse among Jordanian Collegiate Students and Athletes.” The European Journal of Public Health 18 (6): 661–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn062
Vassallo, Mario J., and Tracy W. Olrich. 2010. “Confidence by Injection: Male Users of Anabolic Steroids Speak of Increases in Perceived Confidence through Anabolic Steroid Use.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8 (1): 70–80.
Wright, Sam, Sarah Grogan, and Geoff Hunter. 2000. “Motivations for Anabolic Steroid Use among Bodybuilders.” Journal of Health Psychology 5 (4): 566–71.
Yuliandari, Citra Selvia, and H. M. Musrin. 2017. “Pendekatan Psikologi Individual Dengan Teknik Acting As If Dalam Meningkatkan Rasa Percaya Diri Remaja Yang Mengalami Obesitas: Case Study Design.” Ghaidan: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam Dan Kemasyarakatan 1 (2): 21–27.
Zein. 2007. Ultimate Nutrition Glosarry, (Online), (http://www.sportindo.com/Glosarry, diakses tanggal 1 November 2016).