Validity and reliability of the Indonesian knowledge, attitude, and practice of allergic rhinitis questionnaire
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Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a typical chronic condition commonly affecting the upper airway. Allergic rhinitis is marked by nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, pruritus, sneezing, and postnasal drip syndrome (PND), which includes eye itching and erythema. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the allergic rhinitis questionnaire. The study employed a cross-sectional design. The study included patients with allergic rhinitis who were 18 or older and visited the otorhinolaryngology clinic between January and February 2024. The questionnaire was generated and disseminated using a Google form, and the statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 22.0. The correlation coefficient (r) between all questions on the knowledge dimension was consistently high, ranging from 0.302 to 0.828. The items on the attitude dimension had a strong positive association with the total score, as seen by the high correlation coefficients (all r = 0.962). The practice dimension also exhibited high correlation coefficients, ranging from 0.273 to 0.810 in total score. The questionnaire's validity and reliability have been established, confirming that the Indonesian version is recommended for future studies.
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How to Cite
Fakhriani, R., Widuri, A., Amsriza, F. R. and Daniswara, D. (2025) “Validity and reliability of the Indonesian knowledge, attitude, and practice of allergic rhinitis questionnaire”, Science Midwifery, 12(6), pp. 1998-2005. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v12i6.1837.
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Muslih, M., Susanti, H. D., Rias, Y. A., & Chung, M.-H. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Indonesian Residents toward COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094473
Nolte, H., Nepper-Christensen, S., & Backer, V. (2006). Unawareness and undertreatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a general population. Respiratory Medicine, 100(2), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.05.012
Rahim, N. A., Jantan, I., Said, M. M., Jalil, J., Abd Razak, A. F., & Husain, K. (2021). Anti-Allergic Rhinitis Effects of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Metabolites via Suppression of the Immune System: A Mechanistic Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.660083
Retinasekharan, S., Md Shukri, N., Ismail, A. F., & Abdullah, B. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Intranasal Corticosteroid in Allergic Rhinitis Patients: Development of a New Questionnaire. Healthcare, 10(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010008
Richards, G. A., McDonald, M., Gray, C. L., de Waal, P., Friedman, R., Hockman, M., Karabus, S. J., Lodder, C. M., Mabelane, T., Mosito, S. M., Nanan, A., Peter, J. G., Quitter, T. H. C., Seedat, R., van den Berg, S., van Niekerk, A., Vardas, E., & Feldman, C. (2023). Allergic rhinitis: Review of the diagnosis and management: South African Allergic Rhinitis Working Group. South African Family Practice, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v65i1.5806
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Thamrongsak, C., Chirdkiatgumchai, V., Jotikasthira, W., Kiewngam, P., Kanchongkittiphon, W., & Manuyakorn, W. (2022). Improvement of inattentive and hyperactive symptoms after real-life rhinitis treatment in school-aged children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 157, 111138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111138
Wise, S. K., Damask, C., Roland, L. T., Ebert, C., Levy, J. M., Lin, S., Luong, A., Rodriguez, K., Sedaghat, A. R., Toskala, E., Villwock, J., Abdullah, B., Akdis, C., Alt, J. A., Ansotegui, I. J., Azar, A., Baroody, F., Benninger, M. S., Bernstein, J., … Zhang, L. (2023). International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Allergic rhinitis – 2023. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 13(4), 293–859. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23090
Bousquet, J., Anto, J. M., Bachert, C., Baiardini, I., Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Walter Canonica, G., Melén, E., Palomares, O., Scadding, G. K., Togias, A., & Toppila-Salmi, S. (2020). Allergic rhinitis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00227-0
Ciofalo, A., Pasquariello, B., Iannella, G., Manno, A., Angeletti, D., Gulotta, G., Pace, A., & Magliulo, G. (2019). The role of nasal cytology in the diagnosis of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis in adult and children. Uropean Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 23, 5065–5073. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201906_18170
Dierick, B. J. H., van der Molen, T., Flokstra-de Blok, B. M. J., Muraro, A., Postma, M. J., Kocks, J. W. H., & van Boven, J. F. M. (2020). Burden and socioeconomics of asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 20(5), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2020.1819793
Ecevit, M. C., Özcan, M., Haberal Can, İ., Çadallı Tatar, E., Özer, S., Esen, E., Atan, D., Göde, S., Elsürer, Ç., Eryılmaz, A., Uslu Coşkun, B., Yazıcı, Z. M., Dinç, M. E., Özdoğan, F., Günhan, K., Bilal, N., Korkut, A. Y., Kasapoğlu, F., Türk, B., … Önerci, M. (2021). Turkish Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis (ART). Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 59(1), 1–157. https://doi.org/10.4274/tao.2021.suppl.1
Fakhriani, R., Daniswara, D., & Widuri, A. (2024). Correlation between anxiety and score for allergic rhinitis. Journal of Xiangya Medicine, 9, 3–3. https://doi.org/10.21037/jxym-23-22
Gu, W., Yan, D., Yuan, Z., Jiang, X., Qian, Y., Dong, H., & Shen, Z. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards allergic rhinitis in patients with allergic rhinitis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1633. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16607-6
Kennedy, R. (2024). Mechanisms and Comparative Treatments of Allergic Rhinitis including Phototherapy. Allergies, 4(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies4010002
Kılıç, mahmut. (2023). The Frequency of Asthma and Allergy Symptoms in Adults and its Related Factors. The Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine. https://doi.org/10.5505/anatoljfm.2023.85619
Lee, F., & Suryohusodo, A. A. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment toward COVID-19 among communities in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.957630
Li, Q., Zhang, X., Feng, Q., Zhou, H., Ma, C., Lin, C., Wang, D., & Yin, J. (2023). Common Allergens and Immune Responses Associated with Allergic Rhinitis in China. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, Volume 16, 851–861. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S420328
Liu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2022). Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(20), 6062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206062
Lourenço, O., Cvetkovski, B., Kritikos, V., House, R., Scheire, S., Costa, E. M., Fonseca, J. A., Menditto, E., Bedbrook, A., Bialek, S., Briedis, V., Boussery, K., Canonica, G. W., Haahtela, T., Kuna, P., Mullol, J., Orlando, V., Samolinski, B., Wallace, D., … Bosnic‐Anticevich, S. (2022). Management of allergic rhinitis symptoms in the pharmacy Pocket guide 2022. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12183
Moitra, S., Simoni, M., Baldacci, S., Maio, S., Angino, A., Silvi, P., Viegi, G., La Grutta, S., Ruggiero, F., Bedini, G., Natali, F., Cecchi, L., Berger, U., Prentovic, M., Gamil, A., Baïz, N., Thibaudon, M., Monnier, S., Caimmi, D., … Annesi‐Maesano, I. (2023). Symptom control and health‐related quality of life in allergic rhinitis with and without comorbid asthma: A multicentre European study. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12209
Muslih, M., Susanti, H. D., Rias, Y. A., & Chung, M.-H. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Indonesian Residents toward COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094473
Nolte, H., Nepper-Christensen, S., & Backer, V. (2006). Unawareness and undertreatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a general population. Respiratory Medicine, 100(2), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.05.012
Rahim, N. A., Jantan, I., Said, M. M., Jalil, J., Abd Razak, A. F., & Husain, K. (2021). Anti-Allergic Rhinitis Effects of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Metabolites via Suppression of the Immune System: A Mechanistic Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.660083
Retinasekharan, S., Md Shukri, N., Ismail, A. F., & Abdullah, B. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Intranasal Corticosteroid in Allergic Rhinitis Patients: Development of a New Questionnaire. Healthcare, 10(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010008
Richards, G. A., McDonald, M., Gray, C. L., de Waal, P., Friedman, R., Hockman, M., Karabus, S. J., Lodder, C. M., Mabelane, T., Mosito, S. M., Nanan, A., Peter, J. G., Quitter, T. H. C., Seedat, R., van den Berg, S., van Niekerk, A., Vardas, E., & Feldman, C. (2023). Allergic rhinitis: Review of the diagnosis and management: South African Allergic Rhinitis Working Group. South African Family Practice, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v65i1.5806
Sharma, R., & Tikka, S. K. (2020). COVID-19 online surveys need to follow standards and guidelines: Comment on “Does COVID-19 pandemic affect sexual behaviour? A cross-sectional, cross-national online survey” and “Binge watching behavior during COVID 19 pandemic: A cross-sectional, cross-national online survey.” Psychiatry Research, 290, 113173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113173
Thamrongsak, C., Chirdkiatgumchai, V., Jotikasthira, W., Kiewngam, P., Kanchongkittiphon, W., & Manuyakorn, W. (2022). Improvement of inattentive and hyperactive symptoms after real-life rhinitis treatment in school-aged children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 157, 111138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111138
Wise, S. K., Damask, C., Roland, L. T., Ebert, C., Levy, J. M., Lin, S., Luong, A., Rodriguez, K., Sedaghat, A. R., Toskala, E., Villwock, J., Abdullah, B., Akdis, C., Alt, J. A., Ansotegui, I. J., Azar, A., Baroody, F., Benninger, M. S., Bernstein, J., … Zhang, L. (2023). International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Allergic rhinitis – 2023. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 13(4), 293–859. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23090