Mother’s perseption and attitudes on exclusive breastfeeding among traditional market traders
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Abstract
The benefits of breastfeeding for infants are well documented. One factor that contributes to suboptimal exclusive breastfeeding is the presence of working mothers. However, studies have revealed that employers tend to hold negative perceptions of breastfeeding, particularly for those working in the informal sector. The objective of this study was to examine the perspectives of mothers engaged in informal employment in North Sumatra and to identify the factors that influence their decision to exclusively breastfeed. A qualitative study was conducted with the participation of formal workers who were traders in traditional markets. In this study, mothers with children aged 0-2 years old who work as traders in traditional markets were recruited to participate in focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted in the local language which lasted between 45 and 60 minutes, were audio recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed using a content analysis approach. The decision to exclusively breastfeed is influenced by a number of factors for mothers who work as traditional market traders. These can be grouped into three sub-themes: perceived benefits of breast milk and positive breastfeeding, support from family and friends, and misinformation related to breastfeeding behaviour and self-efficacy of breastfeeding mothers. Peer support for breastfeeding is a highly valuable study intervention. The health system and health workers facilitate the expansion of exclusive breastfeeding peer support. Highlight the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding across all socioeconomic groups and advocate for more conducive policies.
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How to Cite
Ariani, P., Lipoeto, N. I., Chundrayetti, E. and Malini, H. (2025) “Mother’s perseption and attitudes on exclusive breastfeeding among traditional market traders ”, Science Midwifery, 12(6), pp. 2043-2050. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v12i6.1803.
References
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Al-ajmi, N., Al-hadidi, A., Al-riyami, A., Al-adawi, M., & Alanazy, W. (2024). Perception of Exclusive Breastfeeding for Working Mothers at Royal Hospital : Qualitative Study. Research Square, 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4529124/v1 License:
Ariani, P., Lipoeto, N. I., Chundrayetti, E., Malini, H., Bachtiar, A., Sulastri, D., Mayetti, & Neherta, M. (2024). Policy Analysis on Exclusive Breastfeeding for Informal Workers in Traditional Markets in North Sumatera. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(6), 4089–4096.
Aronsson, A. E., Vidaurre-teixidó, P., Jensen, M. R., & Solhaug, S. (2023). The health consequences of informal employment among female workers and their children : a systematic review. Globalization and Health, 19(59), 1–12.
Asih, S. W., Elmaghfuroh, D. R., Maulida, W., & Zahro, F. (2023). Program Golansia pada Pengembangan Psikoedukasi Keluarga dalam Meningkatkan Latagis ( Lansia Tangguh Psikologis ) di Wilayah Kerja Ranting Aisyiyah Patrang Jember. 1(c), 48–53.
Assuncao, D. G. F., da Cruz, M. C. L., Holanda, N. S. de O., de Carvatho, A. V. D., Azevedo, I. G., & Pereira, S. A. (2023). Self-efficacy and Breastfeeding Outcomes in Mothers of Premature and Term Infants : A Longitudinal Study. CoDAS, 1782(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20232022123en
Atnafu, N., Dagnaw, K., Estifanos, N., Biset, G., Abebaw, N., & Tilahun, L. (2023). Public Health in Practice Knowledge , attitude , practice and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Ethiopia : Systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health in Practice, 5(March), 100373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100373
Bicchieri, C., Das, U., Gant, S., & Sander, R. (2022). Examining Norms and Social Expectations Surrounding Exclusive Breastfeeding : Evidence from Mali. World Development, 153(153), 105824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105824
Comfort, O. O., Obukohwo, O. M., Oladapo, J. E., Ademola, O. M., Joseph, G. U., Juliana, E. O., Faith, F. Y., & Edet-utan, O. (2023). A Comparative Study of Exclusive Breastfeeding Between Mothers of Formal and Informal Sector Workers in Ede North Local Government Area, Osun State Nigeria. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(8), 2684–2692.
Economou, M., Kolokotroni, O., Paphiti-demetriou, I., Kouta, C., Lambrinou, E., Hadjigeorgiou, E., Hadjiona, V., & Middleton, N. (2021). The Association of Breastfeeding Self- Efficacy with Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity : Longitudinal Assessment of the Predictive Validity of the Greek Version of the BSES-SF tool. BMC Pregnancy and Chilbirth, 21(421), 1–16.
Gala, Z., Shetye, S., Sadawarte, D. M., & Autade, M. (2023). Barriers in Exclusive Breastfeeding Encountered by Mothers in Urban Slum Area of a Metropolitan City. Journal Family Med Prim Care, 12, 2690–2695. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
Gallagher, T. T., & Chevalier, A. (2024). Missed care and equitable breastfeeding support : An integrative review of exposure to in- hospital care by patient characteristics and breastfeeding outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, June 2023, 3086–3102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16077
Goodman, J. M., Lara-mejía, V., Hernández-cordero, S., & Vilar-compte, M. (2024). Breastfeeding among women employed in Mexico ’ s informal sector : strategies to overcome key barriers. International Journal for Equaity in Health, 23(144). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-024-02147-x
Hashim, S., Ishak, A., & Muhammad, J. (2020). Unsuccessful Exclusive Breastfeeding and Associated Factors among the Healthcare Providers in East Coast , Malaysia. Korean J Farm Med, 416–421.
Hentges, M., & Pilot, E. (2021). Making it “ work ” : Mothers ’ Perceptions of Workplace Breastfeeding and Pumping at Dutch Universities. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(87), 1–13.
Horwood, C., Surie, A., Haskins, L., Luthuli, S., Hinton, R., Chowdhury, A., & Rollins, N. (2020). Attitudes and Perceptions about Breastfeeding Among Female and Male Informal Workers in India and South Africa. BMC Public Health, 20(875), 1–12.
Kusumaningtiar, D. A., & Nurwahidah. (2021). Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Associated Factor Among Mothers in the Formal Sector, Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.vl18i
Makwela, M. S., Mashaba, R. G., Ntimana, C. B., Seakamela, K. P., & Maimela, E. (2024). Barriers and enablers to exclusive breastfeeding by mothers in Polokwane, South Africa. Frontiers In Global Women’s Health, February, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2024.1209784
Mgongo, M., Ickes, S. B., Leyaro, B. J., Mboya, I. B., Grounds, S., Seiger, E. R., Hashim, T. H., Conklin, J. L., Kimani-murage, E. W., & Martin, S. L. (2024). Early Infant Feeding Practices among Women Engaged in Paid Work in Africa : A Systematic Scoping Review. Advances in Nutrition, 15(3), 100179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100179
Nabunya, P., Mubeezi, R., & Awor, P. (2020). Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in the Informal Sector , Kampala. Plos ONE, 15(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239062
Nsiah-Asamoah, C., Doku, D. T., & Agbiorti, S. (2020). Mothers ’ and Grandmothers ’ Misconceptions and Socio-cultural Factors as Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding : A Qualitative Study Involving Health Workers in Two Rural Districts of Ghana. Plos ONE, 15(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239278
Rahmawati, N. A., Jannata, R. W., Harun, A., & Irwan, H. (2024). Women ’ s Perception Regarding Breastfeeding Support in Workplace : A Scoping Review. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.19.2.101-110
Rujumba, J., Ndeezi, G., Nankabirwa, V., Kwagala, M., Mukochi, M., Diallo, A. H., Meda, N., Engebretsen, I. M. S., Tylleskär, T., & Tumwine, J. (2020). “ If I have money , I cannot allow my baby to breastfeed only …” Barriers and Facilitators to Scale-up of Peer Counselling for Exclusive Breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(43), 1–12.
Syahri, I. M., Laksono, A. D., Fitria, M., Rohmah, N., & Masruroh, M. (2024). Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Indonesian Working Mothers : Does Early Initiation of Breastfeeding Matter ? BMC Public Health, 24(1225), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18619-2
Titaley, C. R., Dibley, M. J., Ariawan, I., Mu, A., Alam, A., Damayanti, R., Do, T. T., Ferguson, E., Htet, K., Li, M., Sutrisna, A., & Fahmida, U. (2021). Determinants of Low Breastfeeding Self- Efficacy Amongst Mothers of Children Aged Less than Six Months : Results from the BADUTA Study in East Java , Indonesia. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(12), 1–15.
WABA, W. B. W. (2024). Inequalities in Breatfeeding; Underlying Factors and Possible Solution/Action.
Wahyuni, S. D., Santoso, B., Triharini, M., & Susan, N. (2020). Perceptions of Working Mothers Toward Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy. Jurnal Ners, 15(2).
Abekah-nkrumah, G., Antwi, M. Y., Nkrumah, J., & Gbagbo, F. Y. (2020). Examining Working Mothers ’ Experience of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(56), 1–10.
Al-ajmi, N., Al-hadidi, A., Al-riyami, A., Al-adawi, M., & Alanazy, W. (2024). Perception of Exclusive Breastfeeding for Working Mothers at Royal Hospital : Qualitative Study. Research Square, 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4529124/v1 License:
Ariani, P., Lipoeto, N. I., Chundrayetti, E., Malini, H., Bachtiar, A., Sulastri, D., Mayetti, & Neherta, M. (2024). Policy Analysis on Exclusive Breastfeeding for Informal Workers in Traditional Markets in North Sumatera. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(6), 4089–4096.
Aronsson, A. E., Vidaurre-teixidó, P., Jensen, M. R., & Solhaug, S. (2023). The health consequences of informal employment among female workers and their children : a systematic review. Globalization and Health, 19(59), 1–12.
Asih, S. W., Elmaghfuroh, D. R., Maulida, W., & Zahro, F. (2023). Program Golansia pada Pengembangan Psikoedukasi Keluarga dalam Meningkatkan Latagis ( Lansia Tangguh Psikologis ) di Wilayah Kerja Ranting Aisyiyah Patrang Jember. 1(c), 48–53.
Assuncao, D. G. F., da Cruz, M. C. L., Holanda, N. S. de O., de Carvatho, A. V. D., Azevedo, I. G., & Pereira, S. A. (2023). Self-efficacy and Breastfeeding Outcomes in Mothers of Premature and Term Infants : A Longitudinal Study. CoDAS, 1782(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20232022123en
Atnafu, N., Dagnaw, K., Estifanos, N., Biset, G., Abebaw, N., & Tilahun, L. (2023). Public Health in Practice Knowledge , attitude , practice and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Ethiopia : Systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health in Practice, 5(March), 100373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100373
Bicchieri, C., Das, U., Gant, S., & Sander, R. (2022). Examining Norms and Social Expectations Surrounding Exclusive Breastfeeding : Evidence from Mali. World Development, 153(153), 105824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105824
Comfort, O. O., Obukohwo, O. M., Oladapo, J. E., Ademola, O. M., Joseph, G. U., Juliana, E. O., Faith, F. Y., & Edet-utan, O. (2023). A Comparative Study of Exclusive Breastfeeding Between Mothers of Formal and Informal Sector Workers in Ede North Local Government Area, Osun State Nigeria. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(8), 2684–2692.
Economou, M., Kolokotroni, O., Paphiti-demetriou, I., Kouta, C., Lambrinou, E., Hadjigeorgiou, E., Hadjiona, V., & Middleton, N. (2021). The Association of Breastfeeding Self- Efficacy with Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity : Longitudinal Assessment of the Predictive Validity of the Greek Version of the BSES-SF tool. BMC Pregnancy and Chilbirth, 21(421), 1–16.
Gala, Z., Shetye, S., Sadawarte, D. M., & Autade, M. (2023). Barriers in Exclusive Breastfeeding Encountered by Mothers in Urban Slum Area of a Metropolitan City. Journal Family Med Prim Care, 12, 2690–2695. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
Gallagher, T. T., & Chevalier, A. (2024). Missed care and equitable breastfeeding support : An integrative review of exposure to in- hospital care by patient characteristics and breastfeeding outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, June 2023, 3086–3102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16077
Goodman, J. M., Lara-mejía, V., Hernández-cordero, S., & Vilar-compte, M. (2024). Breastfeeding among women employed in Mexico ’ s informal sector : strategies to overcome key barriers. International Journal for Equaity in Health, 23(144). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-024-02147-x
Hashim, S., Ishak, A., & Muhammad, J. (2020). Unsuccessful Exclusive Breastfeeding and Associated Factors among the Healthcare Providers in East Coast , Malaysia. Korean J Farm Med, 416–421.
Hentges, M., & Pilot, E. (2021). Making it “ work ” : Mothers ’ Perceptions of Workplace Breastfeeding and Pumping at Dutch Universities. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(87), 1–13.
Horwood, C., Surie, A., Haskins, L., Luthuli, S., Hinton, R., Chowdhury, A., & Rollins, N. (2020). Attitudes and Perceptions about Breastfeeding Among Female and Male Informal Workers in India and South Africa. BMC Public Health, 20(875), 1–12.
Kusumaningtiar, D. A., & Nurwahidah. (2021). Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Associated Factor Among Mothers in the Formal Sector, Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.vl18i
Makwela, M. S., Mashaba, R. G., Ntimana, C. B., Seakamela, K. P., & Maimela, E. (2024). Barriers and enablers to exclusive breastfeeding by mothers in Polokwane, South Africa. Frontiers In Global Women’s Health, February, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2024.1209784
Mgongo, M., Ickes, S. B., Leyaro, B. J., Mboya, I. B., Grounds, S., Seiger, E. R., Hashim, T. H., Conklin, J. L., Kimani-murage, E. W., & Martin, S. L. (2024). Early Infant Feeding Practices among Women Engaged in Paid Work in Africa : A Systematic Scoping Review. Advances in Nutrition, 15(3), 100179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100179
Nabunya, P., Mubeezi, R., & Awor, P. (2020). Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers in the Informal Sector , Kampala. Plos ONE, 15(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239062
Nsiah-Asamoah, C., Doku, D. T., & Agbiorti, S. (2020). Mothers ’ and Grandmothers ’ Misconceptions and Socio-cultural Factors as Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding : A Qualitative Study Involving Health Workers in Two Rural Districts of Ghana. Plos ONE, 15(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239278
Rahmawati, N. A., Jannata, R. W., Harun, A., & Irwan, H. (2024). Women ’ s Perception Regarding Breastfeeding Support in Workplace : A Scoping Review. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.19.2.101-110
Rujumba, J., Ndeezi, G., Nankabirwa, V., Kwagala, M., Mukochi, M., Diallo, A. H., Meda, N., Engebretsen, I. M. S., Tylleskär, T., & Tumwine, J. (2020). “ If I have money , I cannot allow my baby to breastfeed only …” Barriers and Facilitators to Scale-up of Peer Counselling for Exclusive Breastfeeding in Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(43), 1–12.
Syahri, I. M., Laksono, A. D., Fitria, M., Rohmah, N., & Masruroh, M. (2024). Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Indonesian Working Mothers : Does Early Initiation of Breastfeeding Matter ? BMC Public Health, 24(1225), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18619-2
Titaley, C. R., Dibley, M. J., Ariawan, I., Mu, A., Alam, A., Damayanti, R., Do, T. T., Ferguson, E., Htet, K., Li, M., Sutrisna, A., & Fahmida, U. (2021). Determinants of Low Breastfeeding Self- Efficacy Amongst Mothers of Children Aged Less than Six Months : Results from the BADUTA Study in East Java , Indonesia. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(12), 1–15.
WABA, W. B. W. (2024). Inequalities in Breatfeeding; Underlying Factors and Possible Solution/Action.
Wahyuni, S. D., Santoso, B., Triharini, M., & Susan, N. (2020). Perceptions of Working Mothers Toward Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy. Jurnal Ners, 15(2).