Analysis of the variation of injury patterns in people who have experienced sexual violence
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Dec 30, 2023
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Abstract
Establishing sexual violence can be a complex process due to the lack of witnesses other than the perpetrator and victim. So, law enforcers rely on medical practitioners to find medical evidence, such as physical damage to the victim's body. The objective of this study is to establish the characteristics of different injury patterns in individuals who have experienced sexual violence. This study is a comprehensive descriptive analysis of medical records and visum et repertum (VeR) data obtained from five hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 84 cases met both the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicated that 60.7% of victims did not experience recurring incidents of sexual violence. In most cases, the perpetrator typically had a preexisting relationship with the victim (81%), and 25% of the victims underwent a medical examination more than 45 days after the incident. The predominant injuries observed on the victim's body were contusions, with 52.6% occurring in the chest region and 26.3% in the upper extremities. The prevailing genital injury observed was an old rupture of the hymen. There was no apparent relationship between the injuries that occurred outside the genital and genitoanal area. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the proximity of the perpetrator to the victim.
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How to Cite
Soularto, D. S. and Nanda Ayu Prastiwi, N. (2023) “Analysis of the variation of injury patterns in people who have experienced sexual violence”, Science Midwifery, 11(5), pp. 860-865. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v11i5.1374.
References
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Borumandnia, N., Khadembashi, N., Tabatabaei, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2020). The prevalence rate of sexual violence worldwide: a trend analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1835. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09926-5
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dos Reis, M. J., Lopes, M. H. B. de M., & Osis, M. J. D. (2017). ‘It’s much worse than dying’: the experiences of female victims of sexual violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15–16), 2353–2361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13247
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Güneş, G., & Karaçam, Z. (2017). The feeling of discomfort during vaginal examination, history of abuse and sexual abuse and post‐traumatic stress disorder in women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15–16), 2362–2371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13574
Huda, M. N. (2018). Pentingnya Alat Bukti dalam Pembuktian Minim Saksi The Importance of The Evidence in Proof of Minimal Witness. Voice Justicia, 1(2), 95–108.
Jina, R., & Thomas, L. S. (2013). Health consequences of sexual violence against women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.012
Kalangit, A., Mallo, J., & Tomuka, D. (2013). Peran Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dalam Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Pemerkosaan Sebagai Kejahatan Kekerasan Seksual.
Li, L., Shen, X., Zeng, G., Huang, H., Chen, Z., Yang, J., Wang, X., Jiang, M., Yang, S., Zhang, Q., & Li, H. (2023). Sexual violence against women remains problematic and highly prevalent around the world. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02338-8
Lincoln, C., Perera, R., Jacobs, I., & Ward, A. (2013). Macroscopically detected female genital injury after consensual and non-consensual vaginal penetration: A prospective comparison study. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 20(7), 884–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.06.025
Mas’udah, S. (2022). The Meaning of Sexual Violence and Society Stigma Against Victims of Sexual Violence. Society, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i1.384
Rahma, A. D., Suswandari, S., & Naredi, H. (2020). Jugun Ianfu: Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Perempuan Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang di Jawa Barat Tahun 1942-1945. Chronologia, 1(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.22236/jhe.v1i3.4731
Ramadhan, D. A., & Besila, C. P. (2019). The Phenomenon of Sexual Violence among Adolescents in the Jurisdiction of the West Jakarta National Police Resort and Its Prevention Efforts. FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 13(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v13no2.1574
Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief — Updated Release. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf
Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), e19–e26. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946
Stöckl, H., & Quigg, Z. (2021). Violence against women and girls. BMJ, n1926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1926
Suttipasit, P. (2018). Genitoanal Injury in Sexually Assaulted Adult Women. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 39(4), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0000000000000430
Sweeney, A., Perôt, C., Callard, F., Adenden, V., Mantovani, N., & Goldsmith, L. (2019). Out of the silence: towards grassroots and trauma-informed support for people who have experienced sexual violence and abuse. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(6), 598–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000131
Thomas, J. C., & Kopel, J. (2023). Male Victims of Sexual Assault: A Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040304
Zilkens, R. R., Smith, D. A., Kelly, M. C., Mukhtar, S. A., Semmens, J. B., & Phillips, M. A. (2017). Sexual assault and general body injuries: A detailed cross-sectional Australian study of 1163 women. Forensic Science International, 279, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.001
Akram, N., & Yasmin, M. (2023). Sexual violence against women: Global interventions and an evidence from Pakistan. Women’s Studies International Forum, 97, 102691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102691
Araujo, J. D. O., Souza, F. M. de, Proença, R., Bastos, M. L., Trajman, A., & Faerstein, E. (2019). Prevalence of sexual violence among refugees: a systematic review. Revista de Saúde Pública, 53, 78. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001081
Ariawan Samatha, S., Dhanardhono, T., & Kirana Lintang Bhima, S. (2018). Aspek Medis Pada Kasus Kejahatan Seksual. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal), 7(2), 1012–1029.
Barbara, G., Facchin, F., Vercellini, P., Cattaneo, C., & Kustermann, A. (2019). Sexual violence against women: a multidisciplinary integrated care model. BMJ, l6616. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6616
Barker, L. C., Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2019). Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: An Often-Overlooked Problem. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(3), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6811
Bonar, E. E., DeGue, S., Abbey, A., Coker, A. L., Lindquist, C. H., McCauley, H. L., Miller, E., Senn, C. Y., Thompson, M. P., Ngo, Q. M., Cunningham, R. M., & Walton, M. A. (2022). Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challenges and future directions. Journal of American College Health, 70(2), 575–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1757681
Borumandnia, N., Khadembashi, N., Tabatabaei, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2020). The prevalence rate of sexual violence worldwide: a trend analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1835. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09926-5
Budiono, A., Silalahi, W., Hendriana Ngestiningrum, A., Vivid Izziyana, W., Wimbo Agung Pradnyawan, S., & Nyoman Putu Budiartha, I. (2020). Visum Et Repertum in the Evidencing Process of Rape in Indonesia. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(2), 167.
dos Reis, M. J., Lopes, M. H. B. de M., & Osis, M. J. D. (2017). ‘It’s much worse than dying’: the experiences of female victims of sexual violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15–16), 2353–2361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13247
Farid, M. R. A. (2020). Studi Kasus Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Yang Di Tangani Rifka Annisa Woman Crisis Center Yogyakarta. Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama Dan Jender, 18(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v18i2.7728
Güneş, G., & Karaçam, Z. (2017). The feeling of discomfort during vaginal examination, history of abuse and sexual abuse and post‐traumatic stress disorder in women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15–16), 2362–2371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13574
Huda, M. N. (2018). Pentingnya Alat Bukti dalam Pembuktian Minim Saksi The Importance of The Evidence in Proof of Minimal Witness. Voice Justicia, 1(2), 95–108.
Jina, R., & Thomas, L. S. (2013). Health consequences of sexual violence against women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.012
Kalangit, A., Mallo, J., & Tomuka, D. (2013). Peran Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dalam Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Pemerkosaan Sebagai Kejahatan Kekerasan Seksual.
Li, L., Shen, X., Zeng, G., Huang, H., Chen, Z., Yang, J., Wang, X., Jiang, M., Yang, S., Zhang, Q., & Li, H. (2023). Sexual violence against women remains problematic and highly prevalent around the world. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02338-8
Lincoln, C., Perera, R., Jacobs, I., & Ward, A. (2013). Macroscopically detected female genital injury after consensual and non-consensual vaginal penetration: A prospective comparison study. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 20(7), 884–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.06.025
Mas’udah, S. (2022). The Meaning of Sexual Violence and Society Stigma Against Victims of Sexual Violence. Society, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i1.384
Rahma, A. D., Suswandari, S., & Naredi, H. (2020). Jugun Ianfu: Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Perempuan Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang di Jawa Barat Tahun 1942-1945. Chronologia, 1(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.22236/jhe.v1i3.4731
Ramadhan, D. A., & Besila, C. P. (2019). The Phenomenon of Sexual Violence among Adolescents in the Jurisdiction of the West Jakarta National Police Resort and Its Prevention Efforts. FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 13(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v13no2.1574
Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief — Updated Release. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf
Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), e19–e26. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946
Stöckl, H., & Quigg, Z. (2021). Violence against women and girls. BMJ, n1926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1926
Suttipasit, P. (2018). Genitoanal Injury in Sexually Assaulted Adult Women. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 39(4), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAF.0000000000000430
Sweeney, A., Perôt, C., Callard, F., Adenden, V., Mantovani, N., & Goldsmith, L. (2019). Out of the silence: towards grassroots and trauma-informed support for people who have experienced sexual violence and abuse. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(6), 598–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000131
Thomas, J. C., & Kopel, J. (2023). Male Victims of Sexual Assault: A Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040304
Zilkens, R. R., Smith, D. A., Kelly, M. C., Mukhtar, S. A., Semmens, J. B., & Phillips, M. A. (2017). Sexual assault and general body injuries: A detailed cross-sectional Australian study of 1163 women. Forensic Science International, 279, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.001