Association of maternal dietary patterns, stress levels, and physical activity during pregnancy with stunting among children under five in brebes regency
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v14i1.2245Keywords:
Dietary Pattern, Maternal Lifestyle, Pregnancy Stress, StuntingAbstract
Stunting remains a major public health nutrition problem in Indonesia, particularly in Brebes Regency, which has one of the highest stunting prevalences in Central Java Province. Stunting can originate during the prenatal period and is influenced by maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal lifestyle during pregnancy—including dietary patterns, physical activity, and stress levels—and the incidence of stunting among children aged 24–59 months in Brebes Regency. A case–control study design was employed involving 144 respondents (72 mothers of stunted children and 72 mothers of non-stunted children) selected from several public health centers. Data were collected through structured interviews using validated questionnaires and analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression. The results showed that maternal dietary patterns, stress levels, and physical activity during pregnancy were significantly associated with stunting incidence. Mothers with unbalanced dietary patterns had a higher risk of having stunted children (OR = 2.87; p = 0.002). Similarly, moderate–high maternal stress (OR = 2.54; p = 0.004) and inappropriate physical activity (OR = 2.39; p = 0.006) were significantly associated with increased odds of stunting. Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy plays a crucial role in determining child growth outcomes. Therefore, stunting prevention strategies should prioritize prenatal interventions through improved nutritional education, stress management, and promotion of safe physical activity for pregnant women.
Downloads
References
Abeway, S., Gebremichael, B., Murugan, R., Assefa, M., & Adinew, Y. M. (2018). Stunting and its determinants among children aged 6–59 months in northern Ethiopia. BMC Nutrition, 4(1), 1–9.
Babu, G. R., Murthy, G. V. S., Singh, N., Nath, A., Rathnaiah, M., & Deepa, R. (2018). Maternal mental health and its association with child growth and development in low-income settings. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 22(4), 1–10.
Beal, T., Tumilowicz, A., Sutrisna, A., Izwardy, D., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(4), e12617.
Bisson, M., Alméras, N., & Dufour, S. (2017). Physical activity during pregnancy and its effects on maternal and fetal outcomes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(9), 1–8.
BKKBN. (2023). Pedoman percepatan penurunan stunting. Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional.
Currie, J., Mueller-Smith, M., & Rossin-Slater, M. (2013). Why does early life health matter? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(2), 1–28.
Dahlan, M. S. (2019). Statistik untuk kedokteran dan kesehatan. Salemba Medika.
Fitriani, E., Suyatno, & Kartasurya, M. I. (2020). Asupan zat gizi ibu hamil dan panjang badan lahir bayi. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia, 8(2), 87–95.
Girma, S., Fikadu, T., & Agdew, E. (2019). Maternal stress during pregnancy and child growth outcomes. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 1–8.
Gokhale, M., & Rao, S. (2021). Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and its impact on child growth. Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 8(3), 1–9.
Gustiansyah, A. (2024). Peran gizi ibu hamil dalam pencegahan stunting. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 19(1), 45–54.
Hanum, F. (2019). Pendidikan ibu dan status gizi balita. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 10(2), 89–98.
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Pedoman pencegahan dan penanganan stunting. Kemenkes RI.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Kemenkes RI.
Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Prenatal stress and child growth outcomes: A systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 25(4), 1–12.
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D. W., Klar, J., & Lwanga, S. K. (1997). Adequacy of sample size in health studies. WHO.
Madzorera, I., Isanaka, S., & Maleta, K. (2021). Maternal nutrition interventions and child growth. The Lancet Global Health, 9(5), e608–e620.
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J. F., & David, S. (2009). Importance of psychosocial work factors on pregnancy outcomes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(1), 1–7.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2018). Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Rineka Cipta.
Nurfatimah, N., Indriasari, R., & Syam, A. (2021). Pola makan ibu hamil dan kejadian stunting. Media Gizi Indonesia, 16(2), 102–110.
Permatasari, T. A. E. (2021). Nutritional problems during pregnancy and child stunting. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 16(1), 1–10.
Sakti, E. (2020). Stres ibu hamil dan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan anak. Jurnal Psikologi Kesehatan, 8(1), 23–31.
Sartorius, B., Kahn, K., & Collinson, M. A. (2020). Determinants of child growth in low-income settings. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0230731.
Suriati, & Farisni, T. N. (2022). Faktor ibu selama kehamilan terhadap kejadian stunting. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Aceh, 8(2), 55–63.
Sutarto, S., Mayasari, D., & Indriyani, R. (2018). Stunting, faktor risiko, dan pencegahannya. Jurnal Agromedicine, 5(1), 540–545.
World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations on physical activity for pregnant women. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2021). Levels and trends in child malnutrition. WHO.
Zhong, H., Xiao, J., & Chen, Y. (2022). Maternal lifestyle and child growth outcomes. Nutrition Reviews, 80(6), 1–12.
