Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel of ethanol extract of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) as an anti-burn agent using the hot plate method using white wistar rats
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Apr 11, 2025
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Abstract
Introduction: Wounds are tissue damage that can cause functional disorders and risk of infection. Effective wound management is essential to accelerate tissue regeneration and prevent complications. Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound healing activities. However, the limited bioavailability and skin penetration of these active compounds are challenges in topical therapy. Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate a topical drug delivery system based on bay leaf extract nanoemulsion as an alternative therapy to accelerate wound healing. Method: Extraction was carried out using ethanol solvent, then formulated into a nanoemulsion with oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant components. Formulation characterization was carried out by measuring particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and physical stability tests. Evaluation of effectiveness was carried out using a wound model in Wistar rats with the hot plate induction method. Wound healing observations were carried out clinically and histologically for a period of 14 days. Results: The formulation results showed that the nanoemulsion had a particle size of <200 nm, PDI <0.5, and zeta potential of ±25 mV, indicating good physical stability. Burn activity tests showed that topical administration of bay leaf extract nanoemulsion accelerated wound contraction, increased epithelialization, and improved tissue structure compared to the control group. Conclusion: Bay leaf extract can be formulated in a nanoemulsion-based nanoparticle delivery system that shows stable physical characteristics and is effective in accelerating wound healing.
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How to Cite
Ningrum, W. P., Jafar, G., Pramudiahwardani, A. R. and Kusriani, H. (2025) “Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel of ethanol extract of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) as an anti-burn agent using the hot plate method using white wistar rats”, Science Midwifery, 13(1), pp. 205-213. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v13i1.1890.
References
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Chhabra, J., Chopra, H., Pahwa, R., Raina, N., Wadhwa, K., Saini, S., Negi, P., Gupta, M., Singh, I., & Dureja, H. (2023). Potential of nanoemulsions for accelerated wound healing: innovative strategies. International Journal of Surgery, 109(8), 2365–2377.
Christian, Y. E., Rahmat, D., & Farida, Y. (2022). Formulasi nanoemulgel ekstrak daun cantigi (vaccinium varingiaefolium miq.) sebagai antioksidan. Majalah Farmasetika, 7(5), 478–493.
Fitri, D., Kiromah, N. Z., & Widiastuti, T. C. (2019). Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) pada berbagai variasi komposisi kitosan dengan metode gelasi ionik. J Pharm Sci, 1(1), 61–69.
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Hidayah, N., Rahmawati, I., Amelia, J., & Prakoso, Y. A. (2022). Pengaruh ekstrak teh kombucha (Medusomyces gisevii) terhadap berat dan histopatologis limpa tikus wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinfeksi Escherichia coli. VITEK: Bidang Kedokteran Hewan, 12(1), 26–34.
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Jafar, G., Putriyanti, A., Muhsinin, S., & Kencana, B. (2025). Formulation and Characterization of Tretinoin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using Apifil and Cremophore. 5(3), 477–484.
Jafar, G., Salsabilla, S., & Santoso, R. (2022). Original Article DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPRITOL ATO ® BASE IN NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS FORMULATION WITH THE PROBE SONICATION METHOD. 14(4), 64–66.
Kolimi, P., Narala, S., Nyavanandi, D., Youssef, A. A. A., & Dudhipala, N. (2022). Innovative treatment strategies to accelerate wound healing: trajectory and recent advancements. Cells, 11(15), 2439.
Kusumastuti, I. A. N., & Jaya, M. K. A. (2022). ACTIVITY OF BAY LEAF EXTRACT (Eugenia polyantha) AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IN WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus): NARRATIVE. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application, 4(1), 26–32.
Ling, W., Florenly, F., Liena, L., & Purba, D. R. (2022). Effectiveness of turmeric ethanol extract cream preparation (Curcuma longa) in speeding up wound healing in male wistar rats. Bp Int Res Exact Sci, 4(1), 10–21.
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Miastkowska, M., Kulawik-Pióro, A., Lasoń, E., Śliwa, K., Malinowska, M. A., Sikora, E., Kantyka, T., Bielecka, E., Maksylewicz, A., & Klimaszewska, E. (2023). Topical formulations based on ursolic acid-loaded nanoemulgel with potential application in psoriasis treatment. Pharmaceutics, 15(11), 2559.
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Praptiwi, P., Wulansari, D., Fathoni, A., HARNOTO, N., Novita, R., & Agusta, A. (2020). Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant assessment of Leuconotis eugenifolia leaf extract:-. Nusantara Bioscience, 12(1).
Pratama, F. A. (2024). Effectiveness of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on Uric Acid and Cholesterol Levels in Caffeine-Induced Male Mice (Mus musculus) Fahrul Andika Pratama1, Salma Aisyafalah1, Rochmah Kurnijasanti2. Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary, 13(2), 68–80.
Preeti, Sambhakar, S., Malik, R., Bhatia, S., Al Harrasi, A., Rani, C., Saharan, R., Kumar, S., Geeta, & Sehrawat, R. (2023). Nanoemulsion: an emerging novel technology for improving the bioavailability of drugs. Scientifica, 2023(1), 6640103.
Sahin, O. I., Dundar, A. N., Ozdemir, S., Uzuner, K., Parlak, M. E., Dagdelen, A. F., & Saricaoglu, F. T. (2022). Nanophytosomes as a protection system to improve the gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability of phycocyanin. Food Bioscience, 50, 102052.
Sghier, K., Mur, M., Veiga, F., Paiva-Santos, A. C., & Pires, P. C. (2024). Novel therapeutic hybrid systems using hydrogels and nanotechnology: a focus on nanoemulgels for the treatment of skin diseases. Gels, 10(1), 45.
Tayeb, H. H., Felimban, R., Almaghrabi, S., & Hasaballah, N. (2021). Nanoemulsions: Formulation, characterization, biological fate, and potential role against COVID-19 and other viral outbreaks. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 45, 100533.
Wanjiru, J., Gathirwa, J., Sauli, E., & Swai, H. S. (2022). Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf polyphenol-loaded phytosome delivery system against breast cancer cell lines. Molecules,
Annaura, S., Ferdianiko, I. Y., Amin, A. F., Rahmayanti, M., Lestari, R. I., & Salsabila, D. F. (2022). Gambir extract nanoemulgel formulation based on maggot oil as oil phase. Akta Kimia Indonesia, 7(2), 107–119.
Awlqadr, F. H., Majeed, K. R., Altemimi, A. B., Hassan, A. M., Qadir, S. A., Saeed, M. N., Faraj, A. M., Salih, T. H., Abd Al‐Manhel, A. J., & Najm, M. A. A. (2025). Nanotechnology-Based Herbal Medicine: Preparation, Synthesis, and Applications in Food and Medicine. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 101661.
Ben Attia, T., Bahri, S., Ben Younes, S., Nahdi, A., Ben Ali, R., Bel Haj Kacem, L., El May, M. V., López-Maldonado, E. A., & Mhamdi, A. (2024). In-Depth Analysis of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extract: Alleviating Pulmonary Histological Disturbances, Pro-Inflammatory Responses, and Oxidative Stress from Isolated or Combined Exposure to Inhaled Toluene and Noise in Rats. Biology, 13(11), 896.
Bintarti, T. W., & Widyaswari, M. S. (2022). The Effect of Brown Algae (Sargassum Sp) Extract on Burns Wound Healing. Medical and Health Science Journal, 6(1), 24–32.
Chhabra, J., Chopra, H., Pahwa, R., Raina, N., Wadhwa, K., Saini, S., Negi, P., Gupta, M., Singh, I., & Dureja, H. (2023). Potential of nanoemulsions for accelerated wound healing: innovative strategies. International Journal of Surgery, 109(8), 2365–2377.
Christian, Y. E., Rahmat, D., & Farida, Y. (2022). Formulasi nanoemulgel ekstrak daun cantigi (vaccinium varingiaefolium miq.) sebagai antioksidan. Majalah Farmasetika, 7(5), 478–493.
Fitri, D., Kiromah, N. Z., & Widiastuti, T. C. (2019). Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) pada berbagai variasi komposisi kitosan dengan metode gelasi ionik. J Pharm Sci, 1(1), 61–69.
Gawin-Mikołajewicz, A., Nartowski, K. P., Dyba, A. J., Gołkowska, A. M., Malec, K., & Karolewicz, B. (2021). Ophthalmic nanoemulsions: From composition to technological processes and quality control. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 18(10), 3719–3740.
Hidayah, N., Rahmawati, I., Amelia, J., & Prakoso, Y. A. (2022). Pengaruh ekstrak teh kombucha (Medusomyces gisevii) terhadap berat dan histopatologis limpa tikus wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinfeksi Escherichia coli. VITEK: Bidang Kedokteran Hewan, 12(1), 26–34.
Indratmoko, S., Fadilla, V. D., & Setiyabudi, L. (2021). Optimasi Formula Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (Snedds) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Syzygium Polyanthum) Sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Pharmaqueous: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 3(1), 46–56.
Jafar, G., Abdassah, M., Rusdiana, T., & Khairunisa, R. (2020). Development and characterization of precirol ato 88 base in nanostructured lipid carriers (Nlc) formulation with the probe sonication method. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 13(special issue 3), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.22159/IJAP.2021.V13S3.08
Jafar, G., Abdassah, M., Rusdiana, T., & Khairunisa, R. (2021). Original Article DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PRECIROL ATO 88 BASE IN NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS ( NLC ) FORMULATION WITH THE PROBE SONICATION METHOD. 13(3), 43–46.
Jafar, G., Putriyanti, A., Muhsinin, S., & Kencana, B. (2025). Formulation and Characterization of Tretinoin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using Apifil and Cremophore. 5(3), 477–484.
Jafar, G., Salsabilla, S., & Santoso, R. (2022). Original Article DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPRITOL ATO ® BASE IN NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS FORMULATION WITH THE PROBE SONICATION METHOD. 14(4), 64–66.
Kolimi, P., Narala, S., Nyavanandi, D., Youssef, A. A. A., & Dudhipala, N. (2022). Innovative treatment strategies to accelerate wound healing: trajectory and recent advancements. Cells, 11(15), 2439.
Kusumastuti, I. A. N., & Jaya, M. K. A. (2022). ACTIVITY OF BAY LEAF EXTRACT (Eugenia polyantha) AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IN WHITE RAT (Rattus norvegicus): NARRATIVE. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application, 4(1), 26–32.
Ling, W., Florenly, F., Liena, L., & Purba, D. R. (2022). Effectiveness of turmeric ethanol extract cream preparation (Curcuma longa) in speeding up wound healing in male wistar rats. Bp Int Res Exact Sci, 4(1), 10–21.
Mamun, A. Al, Shao, C., Geng, P., Wang, S., & Xiao, J. (2024). Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1395479.
Miastkowska, M., Kulawik-Pióro, A., Lasoń, E., Śliwa, K., Malinowska, M. A., Sikora, E., Kantyka, T., Bielecka, E., Maksylewicz, A., & Klimaszewska, E. (2023). Topical formulations based on ursolic acid-loaded nanoemulgel with potential application in psoriasis treatment. Pharmaceutics, 15(11), 2559.
Mohan, M., Jailani, M., & Amirsyah, M. (2019). COMPARATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF SILVER SULFADIAZINE AND GENTAMICIN ON ABRASION WOUND HEALING. Jurnal Rekonstruksi & Estetik, 4(2).
Praptiwi, P., Wulansari, D., Fathoni, A., HARNOTO, N., Novita, R., & Agusta, A. (2020). Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant assessment of Leuconotis eugenifolia leaf extract:-. Nusantara Bioscience, 12(1).
Pratama, F. A. (2024). Effectiveness of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on Uric Acid and Cholesterol Levels in Caffeine-Induced Male Mice (Mus musculus) Fahrul Andika Pratama1, Salma Aisyafalah1, Rochmah Kurnijasanti2. Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary, 13(2), 68–80.
Preeti, Sambhakar, S., Malik, R., Bhatia, S., Al Harrasi, A., Rani, C., Saharan, R., Kumar, S., Geeta, & Sehrawat, R. (2023). Nanoemulsion: an emerging novel technology for improving the bioavailability of drugs. Scientifica, 2023(1), 6640103.
Sahin, O. I., Dundar, A. N., Ozdemir, S., Uzuner, K., Parlak, M. E., Dagdelen, A. F., & Saricaoglu, F. T. (2022). Nanophytosomes as a protection system to improve the gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability of phycocyanin. Food Bioscience, 50, 102052.
Sghier, K., Mur, M., Veiga, F., Paiva-Santos, A. C., & Pires, P. C. (2024). Novel therapeutic hybrid systems using hydrogels and nanotechnology: a focus on nanoemulgels for the treatment of skin diseases. Gels, 10(1), 45.
Tayeb, H. H., Felimban, R., Almaghrabi, S., & Hasaballah, N. (2021). Nanoemulsions: Formulation, characterization, biological fate, and potential role against COVID-19 and other viral outbreaks. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 45, 100533.
Wanjiru, J., Gathirwa, J., Sauli, E., & Swai, H. S. (2022). Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf polyphenol-loaded phytosome delivery system against breast cancer cell lines. Molecules,