Utilization of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services among transexual in Banda Aceh
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Mar 30, 2024
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Abstract
Indonesia ranks fifth in Asia in terms of high risk of HIV/AIDS. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are 22 times more likely to contract HIV among at-risk populations worldwide. MSM ranks third in the percentage of HIV-positive individuals undergoing HIV testing in Indonesia, at 8.75%. Previous research estimated that there were 30 active transgender sex workers in Banda Aceh and 311 MSM. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) is one way to detect HIV. However, several factors prevent transgender individuals from utilizing VCT services. The research design used is descriptive quantitative, analyzing VCT utilization among transgender individuals in Banda Aceh in 2021. The sample size in this study is 77 individuals using total sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. Data analysis involves univariate analysis. t was found that 83.12% of surveyed transgender women are under the age of 35, with 80.52% having a secondary education. 71.43% of them work in salons, and 83.13% identify themselves as Acehnese. Only 50.65% have partners, although 58.44% exhibit a positive attitude towards VCT services. However, 55.84% face stigma and discrimination. Approximately 53.25% of respondents rate VCT facilities positively, but only 54.55% utilize the service. 33.33% have used VCT for 3 years, primarily at health centers, with partner rejection being the main obstacle (34.29%). While 84.42% correctly identify VCT, there are still misunderstandings, such as simultaneous testing and counseling (79.22%). Additionally, only 62.34% are aware of the voluntary nature of HIV testing, and only 50.65% understand the affordability and lifelong treatment of HIV.
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How to Cite
Yusuf, N., Marthoenis, M., Saputra, I., Hermansyah, H. and Abdullah, A. (2024) “Utilization of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services among transexual in Banda Aceh”, Science Midwifery, 12(1), pp. 236-243. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v12i1.1429.
References
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Beattie, T. S. H., Bhattacharjee, P., Suresh, M., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., & Moses, S. (2012). Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment and care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66 Suppl 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH-2011-200475
Cegah HIV-AIDS, Kemenkes Perluas Akses Pencegahan Pada Perempuan, Anak dan Remaja – Sehat Negeriku. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2024, from https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20221129/5041895/cegah-hiv-aids-kemenkes-perluas-akses-pencegahan-pada-perempuan-anak-dan-remaja/
Costa, A. B., Viscardi, L. H., Feijo, M., & Fontanari, A. M. V. (2022). HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT-HIV) effectiveness for sexual risk-reduction among key populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 52, 101612. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2022.101612
Fauk, N. K., Crutzen, R., Merry, M. S., Putra, S., Sigilipoe, M. A., & Mwanri, L. (2017). Exploring Determinants of Unprotected Sexual Behaviours Favouring HIV Transmission among Men who Have Sex with Men in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Global Journal of Health Science, 9(7), 47. https://doi.org/10.5539/GJHS.V9N8P47
Fauk, N. K., & Mwanri, L. (2015). Inequalities in addressing the HIV epidemic: the story of the Indonesian Ojek community. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 8(3), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-10-2014-0028
Fauk, N. K., Sukmawati, A. S., Wardojo, S. S. I., Teli, M., Bere, Y. K., & Mwanri, L. (2018). The Intention of Men Who Have Sex With Men to Participate in Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing and Access Free Condoms in Indonesia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318779737
Fauk, N. K., Ward, P. R., Hawke, K., & Mwanri, L. (2021). HIV Stigma and Discrimination: Perspectives and Personal Experiences of Healthcare Providers in Yogyakarta and Belu, Indonesia. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 625787. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2021.625787/BIBTEX
Garcia, S. A., Chen, J., Calleja, J. G., Sabin, K., Ogbuanu, C., Lowrance, D., & Zhao, J. (2020). Availability and quality of surveillance and survey data on HIV prevalence among sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and transgender women in low- And middle-income countries: Review of available data (2001-2017). JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e21688. https://doi.org/10.2196/21688
Gonzales, G., Loret de Mola, E., Gavulic, K. A., McKay, T., & Purcell, C. (2020). Mental Health Needs Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 645–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2020.08.006
Herdanindita, E., Nugraha Prabamurti, P., Widjanarko Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku, B., & Kesehatan Masyarakat, F. (2020). GAMBARAN PERILAKU PEMANFAATAN VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing) PADA LSL DI LSM SGC (Semarang Gaya Community) KOTA SEMARANG. 8(2). http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm
Jarrett, B. A., Peitzmeier, S. M., Restar, A., Adamson, T., Howell, S., Baral, S., & Beckham, S. W. (2020). Gender-affirming care, mental health, and economic stability in the time of COVID-19: a global cross-sectional study of transgender and non-binary people. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20224709
Koch, J. M., McLachlan, C., Victor, C. J., Westcott, J., & Yager, C. (2020). The cost of being transgender: where socio-economic status, global health care systems, and gender identity intersect. Psychology & Sexuality, 11(1–2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1660705
Kusuma Wardhani, P., Shaluhiyah, Z., Demartoto, A., Magister Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, A., & Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, M. (2015). Perilaku Penggunaan Kondom dan Pelicin pada LSL di Kota Surakarta. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 10(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.14710/JPKI.10.1.89-101
Laksemi, D. A., Suwanti, L. T., Suwanti, L. T., Mufasirin, M., Mufasirin, M., Suastika, K., & Sudarmaja, M. (2020). Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review. Veterinary World, 13(4), 716. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2020.716-725
LAPORAN EKSEKUTIF PERKEMBANGAN HIV AIDS DAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI MENULAR SEKSUAL (PIMS) TRIWULAN III TAHUN 2022. (n.d.).
Liu, X., & Tang, S. J. (2023). Pathogenic mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pain. Molecular Psychiatry 2023 28:9, 28(9), 3613–3624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02294-7
Margareth San Sao, M., & Irma Suryani, A. (2021). The Determinants Perception Of Male Sex With Man (Msm) Concerning The Utilization Of VCT (Voluntary Counselling And Testing) HIV / AIDS In Dili Municipality, Timor-Leste. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.30650/JIK.V9I1.1952
Martin-Odoom, A., Bonney, E. Y., & Opoku, D. K. (2016). Ocular complications in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ghana. BMC Ophthalmology, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12886-016-0310-5
Nugroho, C., Anitasari, T., & Kusumaningrum, I. (2020). KEYAKINAN PERILAKU DAN SIKAP TERHADAP VCT PADA LSL DI SUKOHARJO. Jurnal Kesehatan, 12(2), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.23917/JK.V12I2.9766
Prabawati, O. P., Ratnawati, R., Prayitno, S., & Ramadhanintyas, K. N. (2022). TRANSGENDERS COMPLIANCE FACTORS IN CARRYING OUT VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING (VCT) SERVICES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Media Bina Ilmiah, 17(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.33578/MBI.V17I2.113
Putera, F., Abdullah, A., & Imran, D. (2017). Kesediaan Melakukan Voluntary Counseling and Testing pada Kelompok Resiko HIV/AIDS Voluntary Counseling and Testing Uptake’s Intention among HIV/AIDS Risk Groups. 5, 1.
Rizkani, R. S., Utama, S., & Mutiara, E. (2020). The Correlation between Perception of Stigma of HIV/AIDS and Utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing and Care, Support and Treatment Polyclinic at Djoelham Hospital, Binjai. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior, 5(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.26911/THEJHPB.2020.05.01.04
Safika, I., Johnson, T. P., Cho, Y. I., & Praptoraharjo, I. (2014). Condom Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Male-to-Female Transgenders in Jakarta, Indonesia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8(4), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988313508430
Teti, E., Mulyana, H., Mitra, S., & Tasikmalaya, K. (2017). ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING BERDASARKAN PENDEKATAN TEORI HEALTH BELIEFE MODEL PADA LELAKI SUKA LELAKI DAN WARIA DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS. In Jurnal Keperawatan & Kebidanan STIKes Mitra Kencana Tasikmalaya (Vol. 1, Issue 1).
Widiyanti, M., Adiningsih, S., Pramestiyani, M., Fitrianingtyas, R., & Rampa, E. (2023). The Utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing by Women of Reproductive Age in West Papua. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 18(3), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v18i3.34942
Winter, S., Diamond, M., Green, J., Karasic, D., Reed, T., Whittle, S., & Wylie, K. (2016). Transgender people: health at the margins of Society. Lancet, 388(10042), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00683-8
Babalola, Y., Oluleye, T., & Ashaye, A. (2022). Vitreoretinal manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in patients attending an antiretroviral therapy clinic in Nigeria: A cross sectional study. Journal of Clinical Sciences, 19(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCLS.JCLS_9_22
Baral, S. D., Poteat, T., Strömdahl, S., Wirtz, A. L., Guadamuz, T. E., & Beyrer, C. (2013). Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 13(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70315-8
Beattie, T. S. H., Bhattacharjee, P., Suresh, M., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., & Moses, S. (2012). Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment and care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66 Suppl 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH-2011-200475
Cegah HIV-AIDS, Kemenkes Perluas Akses Pencegahan Pada Perempuan, Anak dan Remaja – Sehat Negeriku. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2024, from https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20221129/5041895/cegah-hiv-aids-kemenkes-perluas-akses-pencegahan-pada-perempuan-anak-dan-remaja/
Costa, A. B., Viscardi, L. H., Feijo, M., & Fontanari, A. M. V. (2022). HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT-HIV) effectiveness for sexual risk-reduction among key populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 52, 101612. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2022.101612
Fauk, N. K., Crutzen, R., Merry, M. S., Putra, S., Sigilipoe, M. A., & Mwanri, L. (2017). Exploring Determinants of Unprotected Sexual Behaviours Favouring HIV Transmission among Men who Have Sex with Men in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Global Journal of Health Science, 9(7), 47. https://doi.org/10.5539/GJHS.V9N8P47
Fauk, N. K., & Mwanri, L. (2015). Inequalities in addressing the HIV epidemic: the story of the Indonesian Ojek community. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 8(3), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-10-2014-0028
Fauk, N. K., Sukmawati, A. S., Wardojo, S. S. I., Teli, M., Bere, Y. K., & Mwanri, L. (2018). The Intention of Men Who Have Sex With Men to Participate in Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing and Access Free Condoms in Indonesia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318779737
Fauk, N. K., Ward, P. R., Hawke, K., & Mwanri, L. (2021). HIV Stigma and Discrimination: Perspectives and Personal Experiences of Healthcare Providers in Yogyakarta and Belu, Indonesia. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 625787. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2021.625787/BIBTEX
Garcia, S. A., Chen, J., Calleja, J. G., Sabin, K., Ogbuanu, C., Lowrance, D., & Zhao, J. (2020). Availability and quality of surveillance and survey data on HIV prevalence among sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and transgender women in low- And middle-income countries: Review of available data (2001-2017). JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e21688. https://doi.org/10.2196/21688
Gonzales, G., Loret de Mola, E., Gavulic, K. A., McKay, T., & Purcell, C. (2020). Mental Health Needs Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 645–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2020.08.006
Herdanindita, E., Nugraha Prabamurti, P., Widjanarko Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku, B., & Kesehatan Masyarakat, F. (2020). GAMBARAN PERILAKU PEMANFAATAN VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing) PADA LSL DI LSM SGC (Semarang Gaya Community) KOTA SEMARANG. 8(2). http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm
Jarrett, B. A., Peitzmeier, S. M., Restar, A., Adamson, T., Howell, S., Baral, S., & Beckham, S. W. (2020). Gender-affirming care, mental health, and economic stability in the time of COVID-19: a global cross-sectional study of transgender and non-binary people. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20224709
Koch, J. M., McLachlan, C., Victor, C. J., Westcott, J., & Yager, C. (2020). The cost of being transgender: where socio-economic status, global health care systems, and gender identity intersect. Psychology & Sexuality, 11(1–2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1660705
Kusuma Wardhani, P., Shaluhiyah, Z., Demartoto, A., Magister Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, A., & Promosi Kesehatan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, M. (2015). Perilaku Penggunaan Kondom dan Pelicin pada LSL di Kota Surakarta. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 10(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.14710/JPKI.10.1.89-101
Laksemi, D. A., Suwanti, L. T., Suwanti, L. T., Mufasirin, M., Mufasirin, M., Suastika, K., & Sudarmaja, M. (2020). Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review. Veterinary World, 13(4), 716. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2020.716-725
LAPORAN EKSEKUTIF PERKEMBANGAN HIV AIDS DAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI MENULAR SEKSUAL (PIMS) TRIWULAN III TAHUN 2022. (n.d.).
Liu, X., & Tang, S. J. (2023). Pathogenic mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pain. Molecular Psychiatry 2023 28:9, 28(9), 3613–3624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02294-7
Margareth San Sao, M., & Irma Suryani, A. (2021). The Determinants Perception Of Male Sex With Man (Msm) Concerning The Utilization Of VCT (Voluntary Counselling And Testing) HIV / AIDS In Dili Municipality, Timor-Leste. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.30650/JIK.V9I1.1952
Martin-Odoom, A., Bonney, E. Y., & Opoku, D. K. (2016). Ocular complications in HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ghana. BMC Ophthalmology, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12886-016-0310-5
Nugroho, C., Anitasari, T., & Kusumaningrum, I. (2020). KEYAKINAN PERILAKU DAN SIKAP TERHADAP VCT PADA LSL DI SUKOHARJO. Jurnal Kesehatan, 12(2), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.23917/JK.V12I2.9766
Prabawati, O. P., Ratnawati, R., Prayitno, S., & Ramadhanintyas, K. N. (2022). TRANSGENDERS COMPLIANCE FACTORS IN CARRYING OUT VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING (VCT) SERVICES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Media Bina Ilmiah, 17(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.33578/MBI.V17I2.113
Putera, F., Abdullah, A., & Imran, D. (2017). Kesediaan Melakukan Voluntary Counseling and Testing pada Kelompok Resiko HIV/AIDS Voluntary Counseling and Testing Uptake’s Intention among HIV/AIDS Risk Groups. 5, 1.
Rizkani, R. S., Utama, S., & Mutiara, E. (2020). The Correlation between Perception of Stigma of HIV/AIDS and Utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing and Care, Support and Treatment Polyclinic at Djoelham Hospital, Binjai. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior, 5(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.26911/THEJHPB.2020.05.01.04
Safika, I., Johnson, T. P., Cho, Y. I., & Praptoraharjo, I. (2014). Condom Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Male-to-Female Transgenders in Jakarta, Indonesia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8(4), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988313508430
Teti, E., Mulyana, H., Mitra, S., & Tasikmalaya, K. (2017). ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING BERDASARKAN PENDEKATAN TEORI HEALTH BELIEFE MODEL PADA LELAKI SUKA LELAKI DAN WARIA DI KABUPATEN CIAMIS. In Jurnal Keperawatan & Kebidanan STIKes Mitra Kencana Tasikmalaya (Vol. 1, Issue 1).
Widiyanti, M., Adiningsih, S., Pramestiyani, M., Fitrianingtyas, R., & Rampa, E. (2023). The Utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing by Women of Reproductive Age in West Papua. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 18(3), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v18i3.34942
Winter, S., Diamond, M., Green, J., Karasic, D., Reed, T., Whittle, S., & Wylie, K. (2016). Transgender people: health at the margins of Society. Lancet, 388(10042), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00683-8